Definition of Ovulation
Ovulation is term used when the ovary releases an egg (ovum, oocyte or female gamete) into the fallopian tube. It is one stage in the female menstrual cycle and marks the onset of the fertile period of the month. The egg then travels down the fallopian tube where it is fertilized by a sperm or if unfertilized, it is ejected at the next period.
How does ovulation occur?
Hormonal Control of Ovulation
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Picture of Female Reproductive System from mercksource.com
The body will trigger ovulation naturally due to the action of two female sex hormones known as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The varying levels of these hormones during the menstrual cycle marks the different stages when a mature egg should be released. The hormones, FSH and LH, are secreted by the pituitary gland in response to signals from the hypothalamus.
When does ovulation occur?
Fertile Period of Menstrual Cycle
In most women, the menstrual cycle is between 28 to 32 days. A slightly longer or shorter cycle is not a cause for concern but may affect the estimated date of ovulation. Ovulation usually occurs on day 10 to 19 of the menstrual cycle or approximately 12 to 16 days before the next period is due. These estimates may vary depending on individual menstrual cycles, underlying hormone disorders or the use of certain drugs.
What prevents ovulation?
Causes of Infertility in Women
Infertility in women is often due to the sperm being unable to reach the egg for fertilization to occur. This may be due to the absence of a viable egg within the fallopian tubes or the obstruction of the fallopian tubes preventing the sperm from reaching it. Ovulation marks the most fertile period in the menstrual cycle and estimating the approximate date of ovulation is important when trying to conceive.
Obstruction within the fallopian tube or the lack of an egg are not the only causes of infertility in women. An unsuitable environment within the vagina and uterus for the sperm to survive as well as other factors that prevent a fertilized egg from implanting on the uterine wall.
Pregnancy, breastfeeding and the use of birth control (contraceptives) prevents ovulation.
How can ovulation be detected?
Signs, Symptoms and Tests for Ovulation
During ovulation, many women note a thick white discharge from the vagina and in some cases, there may be mild discomfort and cramping. In certain gynecological disorders, severe pain may occur at the time of ovulation. Breast tenderness and slight swelling may also be noticed at the time of ovulation and some women also experience moodiness and irritability. There is a slight increase in body temperature during the period of ovulation, approximately 0.5 to 1 degree celsius.
Blood and urine tests will also indicate when ovulation is occurring by monitoring the levels of luteinizing hormone in the blood and urine. These tests will be conducted by your doctor is there is any concern about fertility.
How to calculate and monitor ovulation?
Ovulation Calculator & Calender
An ovulation calculator or calender estimates the approximate dates of ovulation based on the length of the menstrual cycle. In cases of irregular menses, it is difficult to estimate this date and a fertility screen (blood test) has to be done to monitor the approximate period of ovulation. To use an ovulation calculator or calender with some degree of accuracy, it is important to monitor the menstrual cycle over many months and carefully note the length of the cycle and the beginning of the last period.
Online Ovulation & Fertility Calculator
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